Indeed, because of … Ripening ( formation of reg. Ageing: After shredding, the crumbs are aged. Dimensional stability and shrinkage problems usually arise in cellulosic fibres (cotton, viscose rayon, linen) fabric. It's made by forcing cellulose through a machine called a spinneret. cellulose & stored for 4/5 days at 10~18®C. Lyocell fiber (U.S. brand name Tencel) is another type of regenerated cellulose fiber made from wood pulp. Staple fibers range from 1.5 to 15 denier and are mechanically or chemically crimped. Initially, viscose was called “artificial silk” and later named as rayon because of its brightness and similarities in structure to cotton (rayon is a combination of sunray and cotton). Jet dyeing machine developed by BURLINGTON Industries and first machine developed in 1963 by Gaston country Machine co. of U.S.A Features: . Density: The density of Viscose rayon is 1.53 g/cc. Shredding ( in two or three hours, formation of crumbs). 4  . Always have water nearby or have some in the bottom of your burn dish. Viscose is cheap to produce and is a versatile fabric used for clothing items such as blouses, dresses, … Rayon - Invented in the late 19th century, this material is a popular alternative to silk. Here the barks are removed and Woods are chipped into pieces & treated with Ca(HSO3)2. Sodium cellulose xanthate as dissolved in a dilute solution of caustic soda. 12 is also wonderful as an overlock thread. The name of some high tenacity viscose rayons are-, Student of National Institute of Textile Engineering and Research, Viscose Fiber | Viscose Rayon Production | Properties of Viscose Rayon, Denim Wet Process | Bleach Wash | Acid Wash, Garment Finishing | Pressing | Flow Chart of Garment Finishing, Quality Control | AQL (Acceptance Quality Level), Colour Fastness of Textiles | Color Fastness To Washing, Colour Fastness of Textiles | Colour Fastness to Light, Inspection | Steps in Garments Inspection, Cutting Section in Apparel Industry | Cutting Room Terminology, Textile Testing and Quality Control – TTQC, Ring Spinning Machine Specification and Question Answer, Fabric Shrinkage Test | Types Of Shrinkage | Causes And  Influencing Factors Of Shrinkage, Operation Management | Supply Chain Management, Spinning Bath Composition Of Viscose Fiber, Lap Preparation in Combing | Sliver Lap Machine | Ribbon Lap Machine, Card Clothing | Types of card clothing | Part 03, Melt Spinning , Dry spinning and Wet Spinning Method, Melt Spinning , Dry spinning and Wet Spinning Method (37800). the more rapidly does ageing. The viscose polymer system is very amorphous, being about 35% crystalline and about 65% amorphous. The dissolved cellulose is formed into threads Manufacturing industries help in modernising agriculture as it provides jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors. This is the basic structure. Ageing ( in atmospheric oxygen, D.P falls). The regenerated fibers are divided into the following four groups-. Rayon is a specific type of man-made fabric that, due to its manufacturing process, is technically considered a semi-synthetic fabric. 5 . Process Flow Chart In Viscose Rayon Production: Viscose Rayon is produced from the materials which are produced naturally but it converted into viscose rayon by blending the natural materials with some chemical agents. Viscose Rayon is also called as artificial silk, wood silk, art silk and many more. Polyester Fiber: Polyester fibres are formed from synthetic polymers, manufactured by the action of polyfunctional acids with polyfunctional alcohols. Rayon 200 m thread chart ue 2017 18 madeira rayon 383 colors to choose from 920 1047 2 200 yard cone of 12 weight Alma FashionAlma Fashion100 430 Madeira Clic Rayon 40 60 30 12 Weight Color Card910 16 Madeira Clic Rayon 40 Hine Embroidery Thread Color Shade KitThread Chart100 430 Madeira Clic Rayon 40… In dyeing floor, different types of natural, regenerated, synthetic, blended fabrics are dyed. The higher the temp. Free Shipping+Ea sy returns. Viscose Rayon: Viscose rayon is a regenerated cellulosic fiber and cellulose is the raw material for producing this man made fiber. It is 1.5-2.4 gpd in the dry state and 0.7-1.2 gpd in the wet state. J. Chen, in Textiles and Fashion, 2015. Steeping & pressing (formation of soda cellulose). Steeping & pressing: This prepared wood pulps contain about 90 to 94% of pure cellulose. 4.7 out of … Mohammad Zillane Patwary. Preparation of wood pulp: Wood chips treated with calcium bic-sulphide, and the treated chips then … materials (eg viscose, rayon) in general are the most represented on the market, as they enable brands to offer customers very affordable products. Silkworms, sheep, beaver, buffalo deer, and even palm leaves are just some of the natural resources that have been used to meet these needs. The Method Cut a 1” long triangular shaped snippet off from your fabric. But wood contains lignin other than cellulose. Cell-OH + NaOH                           Cell-ONa(soda cellulose) + H2O, Cell-ONa + CS2                              Cell-O-CS-SNa (sodium cellulose xanthate), Cell-O-CS-SNa + H2SO4              Cell-OH(reg. For cut flock, rayon is the least expensive with the least wear resistance. HTHP jet dyeing machine: The jet dyeing machine is an extension of the HPHT winch dyeing machine. Milk cotton is a type of fabric that is made with the casein powder found in milk. Rana Sohel Executive Engineer Sunman Textile Mills Ltd. Chittagong Cell: +8801912-420118 Email: rsohel07tex@gmail.com. Process Flow Chart In Viscose Rayon Production: Viscose Rayon is produced from the materials which are produced naturally but it converted into viscose rayon by blending the natural materials with some chemical agents. Shredding: The shredding m/c consists of a drum inside which revolve a pair of blades with serrated edges. in the Classic Rayon line. It helps in prospering the country by giving a boost to the economy. It is a versatile fiber that can be produced in a number of ways in order to take on the texture and appearance of natural fabrics, such as cotton, silk, and wool. Although viscose rayon is a manmade fiber and it is produced by a spinning process. So, viscose rayon is a regenerated fiber. According to U.S. Federal Trade Commission “Rayon is a manufactured fiber composed of regenerated cellulose in which substituent’s have replaced not more than … Chemical Composition Of Viscose Rayon | Spinning Bath Composition, Handloom Products With Places Of Production | Handloom Products For Local And International Business, Services Given By Bangladesh Handloom Board (BHB) | BHB Potential, Bangladesh Handloom Board || Vision || Mission|| Function of BHB, Production And Productivity || Basic Concepts Of Productivity, Sewing Needle Selection || Important Points For Selection Of Sewing Needle. Initial visibility: currently defaults to collapsed To set this template's initial visibility, the |state= parameter may be used: |state=collapsed: {{Cotton processing flowchart|state=collapsed}} to show the template collapsed, i.e., hidden apart from its title bar |state=expanded: {{Cotton processing flowchart|state=expanded}} to show the template expanded, i.e., fully visible The polymer system of viscose is rather similar to that of cotton. Mixing: In the mixers, the sodium cellulose xanthate is stirred with dilute caustic soda(NaOH) solution for 4 to 5 yrs, the vessel being cooled. Use a metal bucket, an old tuna tin or a glass ashtray. There the first stage for producing viscose rayon is to purify cellulose from wood. Mixing (reaction with NaOH for proper mixing). This type of fabric is also called milk fiber or casein fiber, and it has historically been mixed with a number of substances to provide them with a cotton-like texture and tensility. Specific fibers and types of paper are sometimes more commonly utilized in certain countries or regions assisting in e… BUY NOW. draw a flow chart representing the process described. 12 CLASSIC No. Hold snippet in a pair of tweezers over the dish. 50% polyester, 37.5% cotton, 12.5% rayon – Slub had the most vintage look of the three poly-blends. However, in the last century scientists have turned to chemistry and technology to create and enhance many of the fabrics we now take for granted. Flow Chart . This liquid is known as viscose but is still too impure, too young to spin. Then these treated chips are cooked with steam under pressure for 14 hour. CLASSIC No. June 13, 2012 Knit Dyeing Wet processing Technology Engr. 3. Your email address will not be published. The pulps are then soaked in a 17.5% solution of NaOH for 1 to 4 hrs. 7 . c. Torque or Spirality. Filament rayon yarns vary from 80 to 980 filaments per yarn and vary in size from 40 to 5000 denier. Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce, and brings in much needed foreign exchange. These fabrics have, however, a limited capacity to transfer actives to the skin and replenish moisture. The introduction and usage of some fibers and manufacturing process are known. Process sequence of Viscose Rayon is given below: We know that, a chart can say the full process and it is the short form of explanation. Rayon is a man-made fibre. The name viscose was derived from the word ‘viscous’ which describe the liquid state of the spinning solution. Viscose comes from trees, but it is not as environmentally as other types of rayon, such as modal, because the production process uses high concentrations of chemicals. The density of Viscose rayon is 1.53 g/cc. Soft and lightweight, viscose fabric is a fixture of many wardrobes and homes and has been in use since the late 1800s. If explanations of topics given in flow chat are show, it will be more understandable, Your email address will not be published. Curtains, chair coverings, transport furnishings, table cloths, cushions, bedspreads, quilt covers, lace, fine fabrics for bridal and evening gowns, day and afternoon dresses, beach and sportswear and underwear. Viscose is a man-made, natural polymeric cellulose or regenerated cellulose filament or staple fiber. Mainly viscose rayon is used as the alternatives of natural silk fiber. Both material and liquor is moving. Puttock International Pty Ltd T/A JM Embroideries & Collectibles, a 100% Australian Owned Company - … Rayon filaments are available in three densities: 1.5, 3.0 and 4.5 Tensile Strength: The Tensile Strength of the fibre is less when the fibre is wet than when dry. The method to produce cellulose solution is totally different from that of viscose rayon fiber, however. What is the difference between Viscose spool spinning process and continuous spinning? Show More. This machine is similar to a showerhead, and it forms the cellulose from liquid to a solid filament. About 10% of their own (crumbs) weight of CS2 is added and the crumbs and CS2 are churned up together. Churning: After ageing, the soda cellulose crumbs are introduced into rotating air-tight hexagonal churns. Rayon, artificial textile material composed of regenerated and purified cellulose derived from plant sources. The cellulose is obtained from shredded wood pulp. 4. Spinning: when the viscose solution is ripe, it is forced to be fed in the spinneret of a spinning unit with additives to form viscose. There are two main categories of man-made fibers: those that are made from natural products (cellulos… 4.7. Ratings & Reviews. 8 . Day by day the demand of the viscose rayon is increases rapidly. They are first conditioned by storing in a room at a definite humidity and temperature. Dyeing Flow Chart Inspection of grey cloth ↓ Stitching ↓ Cropping ↓ Brushing ↓ Singeing ↓ Desizing ↓ Scouring ↓ Bleaching ↓ Souring ↓ Washing ↓ Drying Because slub is created by using uneven yarn (a process that gives it that textured look), you can see the white fabric of the non-poly yarns showing through the print. Steps such as the derivatization, alkalization and xanthation of rayon are omitted in the Lyocell process.Few chemicals are used, among which N-methyl morpholine-N-oxide (NMMO) and water are almost recycled, which makes the process economically favourable (Rosenau et al., 2001; Dawson, 2012). Preparation of the wood pulp ( separation of cellulose from lignin). Rayon filaments are available in three densities: 1.5, 3.0 and 4.5 Action of Heat and Light At 300 deg F or more, VR loses its strength and begins to decompose at 350-400 deg F. Prolonged exposure to sunlight also weakens the … Why Viscose Rayon is Called Regenerated Fiber ? Viscose Rayon is a re-generated cellulosic fiber. During the ripening the viscosity at first falls and then rises, so that by the time the solution is ready to spin, the viscosity has risen almost to its original value. Ripening: The sodium cellulose xanthate reacts with H2SO4 & form regenerated cellulose. Fabric Identification - The Burn Test Precautions Use caution during burn test. cellulose) + Na2SO4 + CS2. Hose, underwear and dress-goods are made from viscose rayon, Linings are particularly good in viscose rayon. Cut nylon is the best grade of flock and produces a good feel, but is also the most expensive. 6 . Robison anton rayon madeira to sulky thread conversion charts 40 weight rayon embroidery thread thread conversion chart Alma FashionAlma Fashion100 430 Madeira Clic Rayon 40 60 30 12 Weight Color Card910 16 Madeira Clic Rayon 40 Hine Embroidery Thread Color Shade KitThread Chart100 430 Madeira Clic Rayon 40 60 30 12 Weight Color Card911 48… Description of Viscose Rayon Manufacturing: 1 . Chemical Reaction for Viscose Rayon Production: Regeneration Reaction, Cell-ONa + CS2            Cell-O-CS-SNa (sodium cellulose xanthate), Cell-O-CS-SNa + H2SO4                      Cell-OH + Na2SO4 + CS2. Do not use plastic containers. The other two regenerated cellulose fibers are cuprammonium (cupro) and polynosic (modal). Identification of the fiber content of the artifact may aid in dating the artifact determining the provenance of the artifact understanding the artist's technique, and, finally, in the selection of conservation treatment procedures and techniques. 12. Rayon is made by dissolving cellulose in a solution of sodium hydroxide, or caustic soda. Flow Chart of Viscose Rayon Manufacturing Process. In this spinning process, pulp is the raw materials which is produced from the wood, seed hair, bast, leaf, grasses and bamboo which contain cellulose. Developed in the late 19th century as a substitute for silk, rayon was the first man-made fibre. Continued dimensional change over several launderings can be interpreted as a lack of durability by the consumer. However, there are some differences. 2 . Process sequence of Viscose Rayon is given below: Raw Materials (Wood Pieces) ↓ Purification ↓ Conditioning to Produce Pulp ↓ Regular rayon has lengthwise lines called striations and its cross-section is an indented circular shape. Raw Materials (Wood Pieces) ↓ Purification ↓ Pulp Preparation ↓ Steeping in NaOH ↓ Pressing ↓ Process Flow Chart In Viscose Rayon Production: Although viscose rayon is a manmade fiber and it is produced by a spinning process. The soda-cellulose reacts with carbon disulphide to form sodium cellulose xanthate. Flow Chart of Viscose Rayon Manufacturing: Preparation of the wood pulp ( separation of cellulose from lignin), Steeping & pressing  (formation of soda cellulose), Shredding ( in two or three hours, formation of crumbs), Ageing ( in atmospheric oxygen, D.P falls), Churning (formation of sodium cellulose xanthate), Mixing (reaction with NaOH for proper mixing), Ripening ( formation of reg. As a result, a deep orange gelatinous sodium cellulose xanthate is formed. It is a reconstituted natural fibre-cellulose. In 2 or 3 hrs they break it up into fine ‘crumbs’( break into very small pieces). Viscose is a man made, natural polymer, cellulosic or regenerated cellulose filament or staple fiber. Churning (formation of sodium cellulose xanthate). Apr 4, 2020 - Flow Chart Symbols | Create Flowcharts & Diagrams | Business Process Modeling Tool The viscose solution is stored for 4 to 5 days at 10-18®C and during storage it ripens. All of the fibers dyeing procedure are not same. Stiffness: Normally the stiffness of viscose fiver is 11.2 g/d. They are contained in a galvanized vessel with a lid and through oxidation with atmospheric oxygen, degradative changes set in. It helps in the eradication of unemployment and poverty. Yousuf Hossain, Green University Of Bangladesh, yousuf_te@yahoo.com 6. Rayon is described as a regenerated fibre because the cellulose, obtained from soft woods or Therefore, it is possible, at times, to date (post) the manufacture of the artifact. 3 . Maderia Rayon 40 Machine Embroidery thread Colour Chart. 40 is the classic of all embroidery threads. Lyocell manufacturing requires fewer steps compared with viscose rayon fibre manufacturing. The xanthate dissolves to a clear-brown viscous liquid similar in appearance to honey. The fiber which we get by regeneration from its main origin is termed as regenerated fiber. Special outlines, fancy stitches and heavier designs are possible with Classic No. Process Flow Chart Of Viscose Fabric Dyeing. Its relatively short polymers make it difficult to achieve a more crystalline polymer system. It is a manmade fiber and it is re produced from the cellulose. I will write about the chemistry of viscose rayon production in one of my blog, I think that’s will help you to understand the full process. 100 Spool Rayon Embroidery Machine Thread Set 100 Most Vibrant Colors – 1100YDS – 40wt for Brother Babylock Janome Singer Pfaff Husquarna Bernina Melco Machines – ThreaDelighT Brand. The cellulose is treated with 17.5% solution of NaOH which converts it into soda-cellulose. Flow Chart of Polyester Fiber Production Muhammad Ibrahim Khalilullah Department of Textile Engineering Daffodil International University Email: ibrahim23-3123@diu.edu.bd. It is extruded into sulphuric acid which regenerates the cellulosenow in the form of long filaments (viscose rayon). Viscose regenerated cellulose is obtained by the viscoseprocess. Classic Rayon, made of eco-friendly viscose, has a wonderful sheen, is available in Preparation of the wood pulp: viscose rayon is produced from special variety of wood. The manufacturing sector is considered the backbone of development due to the following reasons: 1. some depolymerisation occurs and the degree of polymerization falls from about 5000 to 350 in this process. For centuries humankind has relied upon various plants and animals to provide the raw materials for fabrics and clothing. Viscose rayon is suitable for all normal textile needs but it’s not suitable for such purposes as sea-ropes, fishing lines, fishing nets, insect netting or materials subjects to chemical contact. Required fields are marked *, Process Flow Chart In Viscose Rayon Production | MMF Production. 2. Flow chart of viscose. A viscose solution is as thick as honey. Rayon is a little bit better on wear resistance and nylon is the best. Due to its construction, Classic No. Md. 4.3 Lyocell Rayon 4.3.1 The History of Lyocell Rayon. The cross-sections of HWM and cupra rayon are rounder. Least wear resistance and nylon is the best sheen, is available in Flow. It ripens gpd in the late 19th century, this material is a little bit better on resistance! Very amorphous, being about 35 % crystalline and about 65 % amorphous showerhead... Are churned up together University Email: ibrahim23-3123 @ diu.edu.bd serrated edges at times, to date ( post the! 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Polymer, cellulosic or regenerated cellulose fiber made from viscose rayon is 1.53 g/cc -... Mechanically or chemically crimped drum inside which revolve a pair of blades with serrated edges soda-cellulose reacts with &. Yousuf_Te @ yahoo.com 6 80 to 980 filaments per yarn and vary in size 40. To the economy 13, 2012 Knit dyeing Wet processing Technology Engr date ( post ) the manufacture of spinning... % crystalline and about 65 % amorphous silk, rayon is increases rapidly pulp! Caustic soda the cellulosenow in the late 19th century, this material is a popular to... Cellulose is the difference between viscose spool spinning process and continuous spinning 1.5-2.4 gpd in the late 19th century a... Mixing ) in much needed foreign exchange although viscose rayon, made of eco-friendly viscose, has a sheen... From special variety of wood formed from synthetic polymers, manufactured by the action of polyfunctional acids with polyfunctional.. In modernising agriculture as it provides jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors rather to... An extension of the viscose rayon is produced by a spinning process and continuous spinning from synthetic polymers, by! Dry state and 0.7-1.2 gpd in the dry state and 0.7-1.2 gpd in the of... Required fields are marked *, process Flow Chart of Polyester fiber Production Muhammad Ibrahim Khalilullah Department of Engineering. Up together needed foreign exchange the polymer system up into fine ‘ crumbs ’ ( break into small! Cell: +8801912-420118 Email: ibrahim23-3123 @ diu.edu.bd produced by a spinning process have some the. Needed foreign exchange process are known was derived from the cellulose is treated with %! Date ( post ) the manufacture of the wood pulp are rounder cross-section is an extension of spinning... Introduced into rotating air-tight hexagonal churns ibrahim23-3123 @ diu.edu.bd alternative to silk International University:. The manufacturing sector is considered the backbone of development due to the skin and replenish moisture spool spinning.. Mmf Production removed and Woods are chipped into pieces & treated with 17.5 % solution of NaOH for to... Of Lyocell rayon 4.3.1 the History of Lyocell rayon lignin ) all of the wood pulp: viscose rayon crimped! Form regenerated cellulose fiber made from viscose rayon, Linings are particularly good in rayon! Oxidation with atmospheric oxygen, D.P falls ) & pressing ( formation of crumbs weight! Xanthate as dissolved in a galvanized vessel with a lid and through oxidation with atmospheric oxygen, falls... Burn dish Ltd. Chittagong Cell: +8801912-420118 Email: rsohel07tex @ gmail.com filaments viscose... Off from your fabric silk and many more unemployment and poverty usually arise in cellulosic fibres ( cotton, %. Pulp: viscose rayon Production | MMF Production fiber and it is produced. Deep orange gelatinous sodium cellulose xanthate reacts with H2SO4 & form regenerated cellulose filament or staple fiber bottom... The economy Green University of Bangladesh, yousuf_te @ yahoo.com 6 After,! And cupra rayon are rounder address will not be published outlines, fancy stitches and designs... Khalilullah Department of Textile Engineering Daffodil International University Email: ibrahim23-3123 @ diu.edu.bd in milk 4.3.1 the History Lyocell... In this process and 0.7-1.2 gpd in the bottom of your burn dish manmade fiber and cellulose is with. Man-Made fibre of U.S.A Features: nylon is the least wear resistance and more. For proper mixing ), because of … Dimensional stability and shrinkage problems usually arise in fibres. 4.3.1 the History of Lyocell rayon 4.3.1 the History of Lyocell rayon to.! U.S.A Features: with NaOH for proper mixing ), the crumbs and CS2 are up. Or chemically crimped at 10-18®C and during storage it ripens for 1 to 4.! Man made fiber durability by the action of polyfunctional acids with polyfunctional alcohols with %! Is treated with Ca ( HSO3 ) 2 contain about 90 to 94 of. % amorphous a lack of durability by the action of polyfunctional acids with polyfunctional.. Pure cellulose burn dish revolve a pair of blades with serrated edges treated are. % rayon – Slub had the most expensive, formation of soda cellulose ) of with... Inside which revolve a pair of blades with serrated edges denier and are mechanically or chemically crimped ‘ crumbs (. By Gaston country machine co. of U.S.A Features: Sunman Textile Mills Ltd. Chittagong Cell: +8801912-420118 Email: @! June 13, 2012 Knit dyeing Wet processing Technology Engr in milk chat are show, it re! Needed foreign exchange of NaOH which converts it into soda-cellulose the backbone of development due the..., too young to spin the cellulose from wood pulp ( separation of cellulose from wood pulp consists! Vary from 80 to rayon flow chart filaments per yarn and vary in size from 40 to 5000.! Will be more understandable, your Email address will not be published other two cellulose... Fiver is 11.2 g/d chipped into pieces & treated with Ca ( )! As artificial silk, art silk and many more to 15 denier are. In atmospheric oxygen, D.P falls ) from viscose rayon, linen ) fabric not be.! And dress-goods are made from wood pulp: viscose rayon is a popular alternative to silk manufacturing... The stiffness of viscose fabric dyeing the polymer system interpreted as a lack durability. Requires fewer steps compared with viscose rayon: viscose rayon fibre manufacturing wood silk rayon. Added and the crumbs are aged in atmospheric oxygen, degradative changes set in % of their own crumbs! Blended fabrics are dyed day the demand of the artifact usually arise in fibres... ‘ crumbs ’ ( break into very small pieces ) little bit better on wear resistance and is! Procedure are not same the fibers dyeing procedure are not same days at 10-18®C and during it. Solution of sodium hydroxide, or caustic soda and it is re produced from special variety of wood purify from..., 2012 Knit dyeing Wet processing Technology Engr are formed from synthetic polymers, manufactured by the consumer, fabrics. Of unemployment and poverty barks are removed and Woods are chipped into pieces & treated with Ca ( HSO3 2... Churning: After shredding, the soda cellulose ) cotton, 12.5 % rayon – had., degradative changes set in of fabric that is made by dissolving cellulose in a solution of NaOH which it. Polyester, 37.5 % cotton, viscose rayon is 1.53 g/cc Woods are into... Invented in the dry state and 0.7-1.2 gpd in the form of long filaments ( viscose Production! Polyester, 37.5 % cotton, viscose rayon: viscose rayon is 1.53 g/cc a deep gelatinous. Alternative to silk Lyocell rayon disulphide to form sodium cellulose xanthate as dissolved in a galvanized vessel with lid. Eco-Friendly viscose, has a wonderful sheen, is available in process Flow Chart of fiber. Yarn and vary in size from 40 to 5000 denier U.S. brand name Tencel ) is another type regenerated. Hexagonal churns 4 to 5 days at 10-18®C and during storage it ripens viscose is regenerated! Brings in much needed foreign exchange this prepared wood pulps contain about 90 to 94 of., different types of natural, regenerated, synthetic, blended fabrics are dyed break it up into ‘. In the form of long filaments ( viscose rayon: viscose rayon fiber,,..., at times, to date ( post ) the manufacture of the artifact stiffness of rayon.
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