375–380 in Majority and Minority: The Dynamics of Racial and Ethnic Relations, N.Yetman and C.Steele, eds. Empirical assessment here focuses on five aspects of the research: (1) the predominant trend toward positive change concerning the goals of integration and equal treatment; (2) the evident difficulty of moving from these goals to concrete support for change in social policy and individual living conditions; (3) the problem of persistent stereotyping; (4) the differing views of racial discrimination; and (5) the possible deepening of Black alienation. This volume presents the most up-to-date findings and analysis on racial and social dynamics, with recommendations for ongoing research. Demographic and social trends for Hispanics, Asian Americans, and Native Americans. In his recent autobiography, journalist Sam Fulwood describes coming to consciousness as a “blue chip Black”—a Black person slated for success in the mainstream White economy. Walking that line as if it were a tightrope results in something like employment with honor, although I’m not sure exactly how that works (p. 10). As Professor of History at the University of California, Berkeley, Thomas R. Metcalf specializes in South Asian History. to contribute some excerpts from your favourite book to email to (bookexcerptise [at] gmail [dot] com). The Racial Ideology of Empire. [b] Ideologies of the Raj and racial attitudes. We have high ideals, but cannot agree on the depth of the remaining problem—we are open to integration, but in very limited terms and only in specific areas. Perspectives on Social Problems 9:231–261. One acute source of Fulwood’s frustration sprang from the inability of Whites to see or even admit the contemporary potency of racism. According to statistical tests, both statements form the ideology of racial inequality, which differs from other facets of prejudice. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website. ity groups, especially of Blacks and Hispanics, remain common among Whites. New York: Praeger. McConahay, J. erant, authoritarian people require others to feel superior to, and so choose to believe more negative stereotypes of others, often minority group members; cognitive biases: rare or infrequently occurring phenomena, especially if given a strongly negative evaluation, can assume unwarranted prominence in memory, such as a perception of minority group members as prone to crime and violence. Based on a survey involving the use of sophisticated experimental vignettes, St. John and Heald-Moore (1995) found that Whites were more fearful of a Black stranger than of a White stranger. It is clear that numbers matter (see Figures 9–1 and 9–2). Where would you place yourself on this scale [1. Members of the British Raj also extensively cataloged the people, cultures, landscapes, buildings and wildlife they encountered on the subcontinent. I am angrier than I’ve ever been (p. 2). Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press. Smith, T. 1990 Ethnic images. thinking of racial attitudes in terms of points along a single prejudice-to-tolerance con-tinuum (Kleinpenning and Hagendoorn, 1993), most analysts acknowledge the usefulness of perceiving racial attitudes as having several broad conceptual types. No Chance for Jobs: In general, do you think Blacks have as good a chance as White people in your community to get any kind of job for which they are qualified, or don’t you think they have as good a chance? The degree of fear was strongly conditioned by only two factors: age and gender of the Black person (young Black males were feared more than others) and age of the White person (feelings of fear and vulnerability were greatest among older Whites). There is, however, some divergence of opinion about affirmative-action policies by race. Devine, P. 1989 Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components. First, there is some variation in the degree of endorsement of the principle of racial equality and integration. Thomas Metcalf’s groundbreaking analysis of British colonial ideologies in India, Ideologies of the Raj, shows how racial ideology defined colonial peoples as being weak and dependent on the guidance of Europeans in order to develop. Pp. ‘Mad Tales from the Raj’ is an authoritative assessment of western psychiatry within the context of British colonialism. 14, No. Education and information can help. Based on data from the 1992 Detroit Area Study (DAS), Farley and colleagues (1994) found that negative stereotyping of Blacks strongly predicted Whites’ willingness to share integrated neighborhood space with Blacks. It is essential to have a sense of whether and how much things have changed if we are to make sense of where we stand today or might head in the future. Alba, R. 1992 Ethnicity. Boston, Mass. Such perceptions become problematic, and more akin to prejudice, to the extent they resist modification when presented with new information, are applied categorically to individuals, or both. Huddy, L., and D.Sears 1995 Opposition to bilingual education: Prejudice or the defense of realistic interests? Colonised people were viewed as being a racial ‘other’. Pp. [If For] Do you favor preference in hiring and promotion strongly or not strongly [If Against] Do you oppose preference in hiring and promotion strongly or not strongly? (1997). There is evidence that minority groups may also stereotype one another, though the story here is a good deal more complicated. On new attitudes towards global health and infectious disease, see Paul Farmer, Infections and Inequalities: The Modern Plagues, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999; and Nicholas B King, ‘Security, Disease, Commerce: Ideologies of Postcolonial Global Health,’ Social Studies of Science, 32, 2002, pp 763–789. Journal of Housing Research 4:1–38. Allport, G. 1954 The Nature of Prejudice. At issue here is not only how extensive one believes discrimination to be in any particular domain, but also whether one sees individual or social structural factors as key sources of persistent racial economic inequality (Kluegel and Smith, 1982; Kluegel, 1990). To be sure, the individualistic account of Black-White inequality with the most immediately racist import—a belief in innate differences in ability—has steadily declined and is now endorsed by only a small percentage of Whites. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. 1994 Stereotypes and segregation: Neighborhoods in the Detroit area. The British Raj was keen on developing the regional languages, however, for the purpose of administration, they needed a common language. Considerably more. Steeh, C., and M.Krysan 1996 The polls-trends: Affirmative action and the public. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 56:5–18. The magnitude, steadiness, and breadth of this change should be lost on no one. The Indian reaction to colonization was the mirror-image of what became the rule in European attitudes towards natives: The tribes that lived closest to Jamestown hated the English and tried to kill them. Gaertner, S., and J.Dovidio 1986 The aversive form of racism. Do you think these differences are mainly due to discrimination? Chicago: University of Chicago Press. The British Government was cautious and well planned in all its moves. New York: Cambridge University Press. Image credit: Wikimedia Commons. The 1993 National Black Politics Survey showed that this figure was at 50 percent, up substantially from about 30 percent in 1984. First, political ideology is an element in how many Whites think about race-related issues such as affirmative action. African Soldiers during the First World War.” In Journal of Contemporary History, 34: 1999, pp. Apostle, R., C.Glock, T.Piazza, and M.Suelzle 1983 The Anatomy of Racial Attitudes. Racial attitudes or racial ideology? racial inequality and racial discrimination in an era of declining overtly racist attitudes. The effect of negative stereotyping on openness to residential integration also applied when Whites were reacting to the prospect of Hispanic or Asian neighbors. Social Science Research 24:262–280. This places these two groups in between the high sense of deprivation observed among Blacks and the essentially nonexistent feeling of deprivation observed among Whites. At least at the level of politics and political debate, this precise point has been the message offered by Paul Sniderman and colleagues (Sniderman and Piazza, 1993; Sniderman and Carmines, 1997). 223–242 in Handbook of Sociology, N.J.Smelser, ed. Journal of Social Issues 42:129–150. British raj, period of direct British rule over the Indian subcontinent following the uprising of 1857 and the abolition of the East India Company’s role in managing the region. Race and Society 1:5–14. Attitudes are most likely to change when the broad social conditions that create and reinforce certain types of outlooks change and when the push to make such change comes from a united national leadership that speaks with moral conviction of purpose. Brown, R. 1995 Prejudice: Its Social Psychology. There is much debate, as yet unresolved, over how large a role pure ideology plays in race politics (Sidanius et al., 1996). Likewise, some analysts of trend data have also ventured broad generalizations about a decline in racism. studies emphasize steadily improving racial attitudes of Whites, especially in terms of their attitudes toward Blacks. Pp. There is political stagnation over some types of affirmative action, and persistent negative stereotyping of racial minorities; and a wide gulf in perceptions regarding the importance of racial discrimination remains. Civil rights activist and legal scholar Derrick Bell offered the bleak analysis that, “racism is an integral, permanent, and indestructible component of this society” (1992:ix). Cose, E. 1993 The Rage of a Privileged Class. Health and development for minority children, adolescents, and adults. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 21:1139–1150. American Sociological Review 56:101–116. Third, to the extent prejudice now matters in politics, it is generally most pronounced among the least politically sophisticated segments of the public (Sniderman and Piazza, 1993) and poses the greatest political challenge among liberals (Sniderman and Carmines, 1997). Whether these assumed characteristics exist is thus a matter for empirical assessment. If elements of laissez-faire racism are seen as defending White economic privilege, then justifications of economic inequality in general should motivate stereotyping and the denial of social responsibility for Blacks’ conditions” (pp. page-numbered extracts from your favourite book. of place. FIGURE 9–1 Trends in Whites’ attitudes about school integration. In the end, Fulwood decides to live in an affluent Black suburb and, more important, to assure that his daughter is raised with a more acute sense of race identity and of the challenge posed by enduring racism than was he. 4. Thus, the figures are 54 percent rating Blacks as less intelligent compared to the rating for Whites, 62 percent rating Blacks as lazier, 56 percent rating Blacks as more prone to violence, and fully 78 percent rating Blacks as preferring to live off of welfare as compared to Whites. Consider first the issue of integrating neighborhoods and schools. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Routledge & Kegan Paul. Ideologies of the Raj. These more pessimistic attitudinal trends are reinforced by such tangible indicators as the persistent problem of racial segregation of neighborhoods and schools, discrimination in access to housing and employment, innumerable everyday acts of racial bias, and numerous signs of the gulf in perception that often separates Blacks and Whites. Disparities in educational test scores among races and ethnicities. We stand uncomfortably at a point of defeating Jim Crow racism, but unsure whether, through benign neglect, to allow the current inequalities and polarization to take deeper root, or to face directly and proactively the challenges of bias, miscommunication, and racism that remain. British Bungalow in India During the Raj. As Hamilton and Trolier put it, stereotypes are “cognitive structures that contain the perceiver’s knowledge, beliefs, and expectations about human groups” (1986:133). Preference in Hiring: Are you for or against preferential hiring and promotion of Blacks? Thus the paradox of succeeding more and enjoying it less… (p. 93). No. Same Schools: Do you think White students and Black students should go to the same schools or to separate schools? New York: Academic Press. By way of foreshadowing what is to come, it is important to note that we now have a deeply rooted national consensus on the ideals of racial equality and integration. Although many Whites recognize that discrimination plays some part in higher rates of unemployment, poverty, and a range of hardships in life that minorities often face, the central cause is usually understood to be the level of effort and cultural patterns of the minority group members themselves (Schuman, 1971; Apostle et al., 1983; Kluegel and Smith, 1986; Schuman et al., 1997). I strongly agree the government is obligated to help Blacks. Survey data from two samples of African-American students supported the hypothesis that the association between political ideology and attitudes toward affirmative action (AA) … Kluegel, J. This research is impressive not merely for its experimental basis, but also for focusing on observable behaviors, not merely attitudinal expression. For minorities, especially Blacks, it is understood that the persistence of race problems has something to do with how our institutions operate. It comes in a thousand ways: a word, a gesture, a conversation that moves over and around him as though he or she were not present. As Sniderman and Carmines (1997) put it, “it is simply wrong to suppose that there is a shortage of White Americans willing to say, publicly, something overtly negative about Black Americans” (p. 63). View our suggested citation for this chapter. Duckitt, J. 117–136 in Eliminating Racism: Profiles in Controversy, P.Katz and D.Taylor, eds. I didn’t just wear a bush, I was a bush that burned with revolutionary fervor, from the wildfires of racism and prejudice that smoldered around me (p. 189, emphasis in original). (1997). No Special Favors: Irish, Italians, Jewish, and many other minorities overcame prejudice and worked their way up. To the extent these contextual features were consistent with the broad cultural stereotypes of Blacks—as part of a violent, self-perpetuating, ghetto-inhabiting, poor underclass—the more pronounced the effect of negative stereotyping on the judgments made. 5. Pp. The alleged car-jacker had all the trappings consistent with the cultural-stereotype “street thug” and elicited a powerful resonance with underlying stereotypes about Blacks. Accordingly, in the post-Civil Rights era, most Whites hold many racially egalitarian outlooks (as summarized above). Prejudicial attitudes existed between races for thousands of years, but systematized racial oppression first arose in the 1600s along with capitalism; the confluence of the two, capitalism and racial oppression, was deemed racial capitalism. That, very roughly speaking, has been the experience of most immigrants. extracts with a short review. White people have a right to keep Blacks out of their neighborhoods if they want to, and Blacks should respect that right. SOURCE: Adapted from Schuman et al. 527–564 in Prismatic Metropolis: Inequality in Los Angeles, L.Bobo, M.Oliver, J. Johnson, and A.Valenzuela, Jr., eds. 86–87). Pp. Thus, for example, 64 percent of Hispanics and 42 percent of Asians agreed with the idea that their groups were owed a better chance in life (Figure 9–10). conception. In her wide-ranging assessment of data on Black public opinion, political scientist Jennifer Hochschild identifies Black disaffection, particularly among the middle class, as one of the most disturbing trends for the future of American democracy. On the one side lies employment and self-hatred: on the other, the equally dubious honor of unemployment with integrity. Thus, for example, having children in the public schools or living in an area where busing is used for desegregation does not affect attitudes on school busing. 1988 Group conflict, prejudice, and the paradox of contemporary racial attitudes. The connection between the insight and rhetoric of Malcolm X and the dilemma of the modern Black middle class is not hard to unearth. On one level, this reflects the uncertainties of racial minority status, especially for the middle class, in a society that has not yet overcome racism (Hochschild, 1995): …middle-class Blacks find their lives much more problematic than do middle-class Whites, so the comfort that a broader education, better job, and more money usually bring to Whites is denied to similarly situated Blacks. British ideologies of empire and modern Tamil identity. Views of police and the criminal justice system constitute an arena of often-acute racial group differences in opinion. 0521589371 - The New Cambridge History of India: Ideologies of the Raj - Thomas R. Metcalf Excerpt More information. Every Black American knows firsthand the slander of invisibility. For Blacks and Hispanics—and, to a lesser extent, Asians—modern racial bias and discrimination are central factors in the problem of minority disadvantage. (2) As Petersen eloquently explained, “Whether the removal of a word would also eradicate group antipathies is doubtful; one suspects that with another classification Jews and Gypsies would have been murdered just as beastially. 303–332 in Cognitive Processes in Stereotyping and Intergroup Behavior, D.Hamilton, ed. 0 Reviews. By then, virtually all Whites endorsed the idea that transportation should be integrated and that access to jobs should be equal without regard to race. Sniderman, P., and P.Tetlock 1986 Symbolic racism: Problems of political motive attribution. By drawing on survey-based experiments, as Schuman and Bobo (1988) proposed, Sniderman and colleagues combined the power of controlled experiments with the representativeness of national surveys: the certainty of casual inference and ability to generalize results are thus greater. Anderson, E. 1990 Streetwise: Race, Class, and Change in an Urban Community. Substantial percentages of Whites rated Blacks and Hispanics as less intelligent, preferring to live off welfare, and hard to get along with socially. Each theoretical tradition has identified important features of the dynamics of modern racial attitudes and relations. 517-536 (JSTOR). Members of the British Raj also extensively cataloged the people, cultures, landscapes, buildings and wildlife they encountered on the subcontinent. Pp. Social Psychology Quarterly 58:133–143. Chapters 3 and 4. Schuman, H., C.Steeh, L.Bobo, and M.Krysan 1997 Racial Attitudes in America: Trends and Interpretations. 575–584 in Encyclopedia of Sociology, E.Borgatta and M.Borgatta, eds. Although some social scientists still defend the usefulness of. Mark Harrison's well-argued essay charts the changing British attitudes towards indigenous medicine and problematises the concept of a static, unchanging Orientalist ideology that is sometimes associated with the ideologies of the British Raj. “My daughter,” he declares in the opening pages of the book, “will not be a second-generation blue-chip Black, laboring under the mistaken belief that race will one day be coincidental, unimportant or ignored in her life” (1996:5). First, they assert that racism is not an important part of the modern politics of race, especially in terms of the debate over affirmative action. One law says that a homeowner can decide for himself who to sell his house to, even if he prefers not to sell to Blacks. The core mission here is to convey the state of public opinion on these matters; therefore, to introduce new vocabulary inconsistent with what much of the public readily comprehends introduces a distraction. b) Orientalist, Evangelical and Utilitarian. I believed that most of us were going to live and die without ever having experienced anything near what was promised in the Declaration of Independence about life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. 1991 The continuing significance of race: Anti-Black discrimination in public places. Like Fulwood, the eminent religion scholar C.Eric Lincoln writes of both the permeating quality of the racial divide and the pain of being rendered socially invisible by virtue of race (Lincoln, 1996): In America, race is the touchstone of all value, the prism through which all else of significance must be refracted before relationships can be defined or relevance ascertained. 1990 Trends in Whites’ explanations of the gap in Black-White socioeconomic status, 1977–1989. ISBN 052139547X 9780521395472. Of course, it is possible to doubt the need to invoke racism at all as a central element of the modern racial divide. Programs that are compensatory in nature—that aim to equip minorities to be more effective competitors or that engage in special outreach and recruitment efforts—are reasonably popular. neighborhoods. Racial Trends and Scapegoating: Bringing in a Comparative Focus, The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, America Becoming: Racial Trends and Their Consequences: Volume I, 2. 50 years after the March on Washington, a stark racial divide still exists in the United States. overtly racist attitudes, as measured by representative opinion surveys. In addition, once categorization has occurred, it is common to exaggerate between-group differences and to underestimate within-group variation. Pp. 1983 Different, therefore unequal: Beliefs about trait differences between groups of unequal status. Despite intense discussion of a possible “racial backlash” in the 1960s in response to Black protests, or in the 1970s in response to school busing efforts and the implementation of affirmative action, or even in the 1990s in the wake of events such as the. That is an unprecedented risk to an ideology that depends so heavily on faith in its ultimate fairness and benevolence (pp. Furthermore, this comparatively weak structural attribution shows a downward trend over time. This constellation of beliefs, including but not limited to explanations for racial inequality, is the cornerstone of a new contemporary racial ideology, which has been variously labeled “colorblind racism,” “symbolic racism,” “modern racism,” “racial resentment,” and “laissez faire racism” (Bobo, Kluegel and Smith 1997; Kinder and Sanders 1996; Henry and Sears 2002; McConahay 1986; Bonilla-Silva and … Furthermore, it resonates powerfully with sociological findings, whether ethnographic (Anderson, 1990), in-depth interview material (Feagin and Sikes, 1994), or survey responses (Sigelman and Welch, 1989; Bobo and Suh, 2000; Forman et al., 1997), which point to the subtlety and complex character of much modern racial discrimination. Residential Choice: Do you agree with this statement? To be sure, some critics argue that examinations of racial attitudes are intrinsically static and destined simply to show declining prejudice (Bonilla-Silva, 1996; Steinberg, 1998); this view is easily refuted, however, once one adopts a multidimensional framework and devotes even the most cur-sory attention to empirical studies of change over time (Schuman et al., 1997). Among the potentially discouraging signs in this regard is a recent significant rise in. An ideology is a collection of ideas. firmly negative views, the potential for anti-Black bias in many settings is actually quite large even with these conservative estimates. 279–314 in Prejudice, Discrimination, and Racism, J.Dovidio and S.Gaertner, eds. riots in Los Angeles, support for principles of racial equality and integration has been sweeping and robust. Volume 2 deals with the criminal justice system, the labor market, welfare, and health trends. After a long period of inattention, survey researchers began in the 1980s to focus on racial stereotypes, following the work of Mary Jackman. Precisely this sort of dynamic is suggested by events and experiences recounted in qualitative interviews with middle-class Blacks (Feagin, 1991; Cose, 1993; Feagin and Sikes, 1994). As racial prejudice declined (unevenly) in the United States and the world (Bobo et al., 1997), theories arose to explain why racism, racial discrimination, and racial inequality persisted, emerged, or changed form in … I knew more of the rules, so I played the game better than poorer Blacks, who didn’t know or didn’t care to play the game at all. Citrin, J., D.Green, and D.Sears 1990 White reactions to Black candidates: When does race matter? The glass is half-full or the glass is half-empty, depending on what one chooses to emphasize. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. 19. Forman, T., D.Williams, and J.Jackson 1997 Race, place and discrimination. Equal Jobs: Do you think Blacks should have as good a chance as White people to get any kind of job, or do you think White people should have the first chance at any kind of job? The British lived more and more as an isolated ruling caste, with all too widespread disdain and hardened attitudes towards most peoples in the sub-continent. White racism is a social disease that afflicts the minds, emotions, behaviors, and institutions of Whites. 1997 Fighting White racism: The future of equal rights in the United States. As regards the method of assessment, absolute ratings of Blacks, for example, tend to reveal less prevalent negative stereotypes than do relative or difference-score ratings comparing images of Whites and of Blacks. How will we fare as a nation when race-based issues such as immigration, job opportunities, and affirmative action are already so contentious today? 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