Colombia has been experiencing violent internal conflicts for more than 50 years. [223][224], The contribution of Travel & Tourism to GDP was US$5,880.3bn (2.0% of total GDP) in 2016. Colombian dishes and ingredients vary widely by region. Colombia experienced rapid population growth like most countries, but four decades of an armed conflict pushed millions of Colombians out of the country. Población, cultura y territorio: bases para el fortalecimiento social y económico de los pueblos indígenas", "Inmigrantes a Colombia: Personajes extranjeros llegados a Colombia", "Las migraciones internacionales en Colombia. [162][163], The legislative branch of government is represented nationally by the Congress, a bicameral institution comprising a 166-seat Chamber of Representatives and a 102-seat Senate. This statistic shows the total population of Colombia from 2015 to 2019, with projections up until 2025. It is creating an economy that is today considered attractive and prosperous by many national and international investors. Despite a number of controversies, the democratic security policy has ensured that former President Uribe remained popular among Colombian people, with his approval rating peaking at 76%, according to a poll in 2009. [34][35][36], While Colombia remains a mostly Roman Catholic country by baptism numbers, the 1991 Colombian constitution guarantees freedom of religion and all religious faiths and churches are equally free before the law.[37]. The Caribbean architecture acquires a strong Arabic influence. There are policies of the Colombian Government to help Colombians with housing loans. [320][321][322], Throughout the times, there have been a variety of architectural styles, from those of indigenous peoples to contemporary ones, passing through colonial (military and religious), Republican, transition and modern styles. [231] The International Center for Tropical Agriculture based in Colombia investigates the increasing challenge of global warming and food security. Uribe, Jaime Jaramillo. [406], Public spending on education as a proportion of gross domestic product in 2015 was 4.49%. Of those cities have come good players like: Orlando Cabrera, Édgar Rentería, who was champion of the World Series in 1997 and 2010[395] and others who have played in Major League Baseball. [117], On 4 July 1991, a new Constitution was promulgated. Television in Colombia has two privately owned TV networks and three state-owned TV networks with national coverage, as well as six regional TV networks and dozens of local TV stations. [47][48][49], In the 16th century, the nautical science in Spain reached a great development thanks to numerous scientific figures of the Casa de Contratación and nautical science was an essential pillar of the Iberian expansion.[50]. An extraofficial estimate considers that the 49% of the Colombian population is Mestizo or of mixed European and Amerindian ancestry, and that approximately 37% is White, mainly of Spanish lineage, but there is also a large population of Middle East descent; among the upper class there is a considerable input of Italian and German ancestry. [373] Other important theater events are: The Festival of Puppet The Fanfare (Medellín), The Manizales Theater Festival, The Caribbean Theatre Festival (Santa Marta) and The Art Festival of Popular Culture "Cultural Invasion" (Bogotá). Historically, a sizable percentage of Colombian emigration has also been motivated by the need to escape from political persecution and bipartisan violence during the periods of "La Violencia" (1948–1958), and later due to the effects of the nation's current conflict (since 1964). [21][210][211] The Colombian Stock Exchange through the Latin American Integrated Market (MILA) offers a regional market to trade equities. Total government expenditures account for 27.9 percent of the domestic economy. [196], Historically an agrarian economy, Colombia urbanised rapidly in the 20th century, by the end of which just 15.8% of the workforce were employed in agriculture, generating just 6.6% of GDP; 19.6% of the workforce were employed in industry and 64.6% in services, responsible for 33.4% and 59.9% of GDP respectively. After a two-year civil war in 1863, the "United States of Colombia" was created, lasting until 1886, when the country finally became known as the Republic of Colombia. (1994)", 'Sistine Chapel of the ancients' rock art discovered in remote Amazon forest, "Historia de Colombia: el establecimiento de la dominación española – Los Pueblos Indígenas del Territorio Colombiano", "La primera vision de las costas Colombianas, Repaso de Historia", "Félix de Azara: Observaciones conductuales en su viaje por el Virreinato del Río de la Plata", "El Dorado Legend Snared Sir Walter Raleigh", "La Conquista del Nuevo Reino de Granada: la interpretación de los siete mitos (III) – RESTALL, Matthew: Los siete mitos de la conquista española, Barcelona, 2004", "Las sociedades indígenas del Nuevo Reino de Granada bajo el dominio español", "Las plantas medicinales en la época de la colonia y de la independencia", "La propiedad de tierras en la Colonia: Mercedes, composición de títulos y resguardos indígenas", "Historia económica y órdenes de magnitud, Capítulo 1: La Formación de la Economía Colonial (1500–1740)", "La política económica virreinal en el Nuevo Reino de Granada: 1750–1810", "Alonso de Santa Cruz, cartógrafo y fabricante de instrumentos náuticos de la Casa de Contratación", "Law VIII ("Royal Audiencia and Chancery of Santa Fe in the New Kingdom of Granada") of Title XV ("Of the Royal Audiencias and Chanceries of the Indies") of Book II", "La esclavitud negra en la América española", "Reformismo local en el nuevo Reino de Granada. An important rhythm of the south region of the Pacific coast is the contradanza (it is used in dance shows due to the striking colours of the costumes). Indigenous people inhabited the territory that is now Colombia by 12,500 BCE. [307][308] More recently, Colombian artists Pedro Nel Gómez and Santiago Martínez Delgado started the Colombian Murial Movement in the 1940s, featuring the neoclassical features of Art Deco. The populations of the major cities also include mestizos. Population: 26,900,508. [249] Since the early 1970s Colombia has experienced steady declines in its fertility, mortality, and population growth rates. miles). [123], After peace negotiations in Cuba, the Colombian government of President Juan Manuel Santos and guerrilla of FARC-EP announced a final agreement to end the conflict. Colombia has been awarded "mover of the year" twice. Colombian Constitution of 1991 (Title V – Concerning the organization of the state – Chapter 1 – Concerning the structure of the state – Article 113), Colombian Constitution of 1991 (Title V – Concerning the organization of the state – Chapter 1 – Concerning the structure of the state – Article 115), Colombian Constitution of 1991 (Title VII – Concerning the executive branch), Colombian Constitution of 1991 (Title V – Concerning the organization of the state – Chapter 1 – Concerning the structure of the state – Article 114), Colombian Constitution of 1991 (Chapter 4 – Concerning the senate – Article 171), Colombian Constitution of 1991 (Chapter 5 – Concerning the chamber of representatives – Article 176), Colombian Constitution of 1991 (Title VI – Concerning the legislative branch – Chapter 1 – Concerning its structure and functions – Article 132), Colombian Constitution of 1991 (Title VII – Concerning the judiciary branch – Chapter 2 – Concerning ordinary jurisdiction – Article 234), Colombian Constitution of 1991 (Title VIII – Concerning the judiciary branch), Colombian Constitution of 1991 (Title XI – Concerning the territorial organization), Colombian Constitution of 1991 (Title XI – Concerning the territorial organization – Chapter 3 – Concerning the municipal regime – Article 318), Champin, J., Cortés, R., Kohon, J., & Rodríguez, M. (2016). [38][39][40][41], The following demographic statistics are from the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated. [384], Colombia's varied cuisine is influenced by its diverse fauna and flora as well as the cultural traditions of the ethnic groups. There are about 1,900 species of mollusks and according to estimates there are about 300,000 species of invertebrates in the country. [332] Baroque architecture is used in military buildings and public spaces. Casanare [44] Indigenous peoples in New Granada experienced a decline in population due to conquest as well as Eurasian diseases, such as smallpox, to which they had no immunity. Since the early 1970s Colombia has experienced steady declines in its fertility, mortality, and population growthrates. 1964. School-life expectancy was 14.42 years. [84] The Congress of Cúcuta in 1821 adopted a constitution for the new Republic. according to the curriculum adopted by each school. [214], The electricity production in Colombia comes mainly from Renewable energy sources. The 2010 Population was 605,085 and has seen a growth of 18.33% since this time. Colombia's armed forces are the largest in Latin America, and it is the second largest spender on its military after Brazil. [396], Boxing is one of the sports that has produced more world champions for Colombia. Spain was the only European power that could not establish factories in Africa to purchase slaves; therefore, the Spanish empire relied on the asiento system, awarding merchants (mostly from Portugal, France, England, and the Dutch Empire) the license to trade enslaved people to their overseas territories. [387][385], Some representative beverages are coffee (Tinto), champús, cholado, lulada, avena colombiana, sugarcane juice, aguapanela, aguardiente, hot chocolate and fresh fruit juices (often made with water or milk). 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